Climate Chemistry Subproject

From UKCA

A PDF file containing a description of the Tropospheric Chemistry schemes available can be found here: Pdficon small.png Tropospheric Configuration of UKCA Info circle.png (Fiona M. O’Connor).

Introduction

The Atmospheric Chemistry Modelling Support Unit (ACMSU) at the University of Cambridge, together with the University of Leeds are collaborating with the UK Met Office on the development of a community chemistry-climate model called UKCA. We describe the motivation behind this model here.

Background

The role of atmospheric chemistry in the climate system is now recognised as being of central importance. Modelling of the chemistry/climate system needs to be advanced in recognition of this important coupling. In the modelling for the 3rd assessment report of the IPCC, tropospheric chemistry modelling using HadCM3 was performed off-line from other components of the climate model. This is an important limitation; chemistry/climate coupling now needs to be included 'on-line' to maintain a state-of-the-art modelling capability. It is also now recognised that certain aspects of the aerosol behaviour in climate models need to be improved in order to properly capture the effect of aerosols on radiative forcing, particularly the forcing related to changes in cloud microphysics. Similarly, links with the vegetation, deposition, etc., should also be on-line. To remain at the leading edge of world class science it is essential that the UK community continues to develop modelling capabilities towards the objective of a fully coupled climate model (or in other words an Earth System Model, ESM). The further development and maintenance of chemistry and aerosol modules are the aim of this project, drawing on the strengths of the Met Office and NCAS communities. The model will contribute to forthcoming IPCC assessments, resulting in advice for governments. It enables the academic community to do research with a common chemistry-aerosol-climate model.

The MO has relied on a series of different models to carry out different aspects of atmospheric chemistry modelling: the Lagrangian model STOCHEM has been used for tropospheric chemistry modelling, with EUMETRAC being used for interactive stratospheric chemistry modelling and with aerosol modelling being done within the climate model using the default transport scheme. In NCAS, models in use include a range of tropospheric and stratospheric schemes implemented in HadAM3 using a revised transport scheme with the ASAD chemistry module, as well as chemical transport models for the troposphere and stratosphere. Sophisticated aerosol box models and offline global aerosol transport models are also being developed with a view to understanding the evolution of aerosol physical and chemical properties. There has been a clear case for combining the best aspects of these models in a framework to create a flexible model environment based on the UM with the added advantage of being accessible to more users in the research community than the current generation of models.

The Hadley Centre model presently contains options for interactively simulating several varieties of aerosol: sulphate, sea-salt, fossil fuel black carbon, biomass smoke and mineral dust. The direct and (where relevant) indirect effects of these aerosols can be included if desired. However, there are some important scientific issues that the current aerosol code addresses incompletely or not at all. For example, there is only limited freedom for the size distribution to evolve (apart from the case of mineral dust where 6 size bins are used). Also there is no treatment of internally mixed particles (i.e. particles composed of more than one constituent). New aerosol observations and detailed model simulations highlight the importance of aerosol types that are not presently included in the current model; the most important being nitrate and secondary organic aerosol, the latter formed from biogenic and anthropogenic source gases. Some of the limitations of the current model reflect the Hadley Centre's requirement for a scheme affordable in centennial timescale experiments with the computer power hitherto available.

Looking forward, likely increases in computer power and the need to improve the representation of important processes both indicate the need to develop a more sophisticated aerosol code for the Unified Model. It is important now to design a new aerosol scheme that will be as self-contained and "modular" as possible.

(This section will be removed soon, because most aims stated here have been achieved.) The model to be developed will have a range of uses from longterm IPCC assessments through to detailed process studies. It will become the model of choice for the UK atmospheric science community. The scientific argument for the project is that this new model will allow a range of interactions which are known to be essential and which have previously not been fully included. There are also strategic arguments. First, the human resources for the development of atmospheric chemistry and aerosol models of high complexity are currently small in relation to those available in atmosphere modelling. It is important to harness the world class expertise available in the MO-NCAS communities. Second, an increasing amount of data (produced with important scientific and financial contributions from the UK) is being collected from aircraft, balloon ascents and, more recently, from satellites, which needs to be used in modelling in order to improve the science. This new model will maximize UK use of these data.

The model to be developed must be flexible. It must be capable of use at high resolution with short timescales, as well for runs for much longer time periods. While its main use will be in a fully coupled mode, for a range of timescales and with varying complexity (the objective here), the model will also be used outside this specific project for a further set of scientific issues. The model developments here will be an important step towards a fully coupled Earth System model, incorporating all relevant aspects of the earth system. Finally, it must be capable of easy use by non-specialists using UMUI. (This section will be removed soon, because most aims stated here have been achieved.)

Scientific Driver

The model is a state-of-the art chemistry/aerosol/climate model, which has performed centennial integrations for IPCC assessments. From a stratospheric point of view a primary aim is to study future states of the atmosphere under different scenarios for the emissions of major greenhouse gases (CO2, methane, CFCc, HCFCs, HFCs, N2O, etc.) and projected changes in aerosol composition. The interaction with changing levels of oxidants and aerosol will be central to these integrations.

Studies of the oxidation capacity of the troposphere, including the two-way interaction with atmospheric aerosol, are of great importance as well.

A range of chemistry-climate interactions is considered, including the role of temperature and water vapour changes on atmospheric composition, the impact of changing convection and lightning NOx emissions under changed climates, and the importance of natural variability including various known modes of atmospheric variability.

The model is suitable for the modelling of chemistry-ecosystem interactions, including natural emissions of VOCs and DMS, and deposition of ozone and nitrogen species in gaseous and particulate forms. An important new area for investigation will be biogeochemical cycles involving particulate deposition to the oceans.

Air quality is a major concern during the coming century, with large increases likely in surface ozone and particulates at some locations. Study of the interaction between air quality and global change will be another high priority research area.

The recovery of stratospheric ozone is known to depend on climate change (and this problem intimately connects the Kyoto and Montreal Protocols). We investigate the interactions between stratospheric dynamics (including the Brewer Dobson circulation, tropopause structure, stratosphere to troposphere exchange, etc.) and chemistry, and climate change.

The troposphere-stratosphere atmosphere chemistry scheme has been implemented to make the technical distinction between troposphere and stratosphere superfluous. It is well suited for, for example, stratosphere/troposphere exchange studies and assessment studies of the UTLS. Aerosols-chemistry-radiation interaction is a developing field for which the model is well positioned.

Written by: Dr Olaf Morgenstern, who is now at NIWA. Updated by: P. Braesicke